Influencia da Qualidade do Sono na Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho de Policais Militares / Influencia de la Calidad del Sueño en la Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo de la Policía Militar / Influence of Sleep Quality on the Quality of Life and Work of Military Police Officers

Resumo Introdução: A profissão policial é considerada de alto risco e exige um vigor físico e mental do trabalhador diante do serviço realizado. De tal modo que uma boa qualidade do sono é importante, pois impacta diretamente em diversos aspectos na saúde desses trabalhadores. Ademais, a falta de uma boa qualidade do sono devido ao trabalho pode influenciar negativamente a qualidade de vida no trabalho. Objetivo: Analisar a influência da qualidade do sono na qualidade de vida no trabalho de policiais militares. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, correlacionalde corte transversal, realizado no primeiro semestre de 2019, com policiais de três municípios da Bahia, Brasil. Foram utilizados três instrumentos: sociodemográfico e características laborais; qualidade de vida de vida no trabalho; e qualidade do sono. Foi aplicado o teste do qui quadrado para as variáveis sociodemograficas e ocupacionais. Posteriormente, foi aplicado o teste de correlação de Spearman entre a qualidade do sono com as dimensões da qualidade de vida no trabalho. Resultados: Evidenciou-se entre os 298 policiais que a mediana da idade foi de 40 anos e tempo de serviço ≤ 7 anos, observou-se também que os policiais com pior qualidade do sono apresentaram qualidade de vida no trabalho insatisfatória em todas as dimensões (biológica/fisiológica; psicológica/comportamental; sociológica/relacional; econômica/política, ambiental/organizacional). Conclusão: Os policiais sofrem com a qualidade do sono e consequentemente influencia negativamente a qualidade de vida no trabalho. Assim, há uma necessidade de desenvolver ações no ambiente de trabalho que possam diminuir os afastamentos decorrentes dos problemas de saúde ocasionados pela qualidade do sono.

Resumen Introdución: La formación policial se considera de alto riesgo y requiere vigor físico y mental por parte de la persona trabajadora antes de realizar el servicio. Para esto, la buena calidad de sueño es importante, ya que impacta directamente en la salud de la población trabajadora en varios aspectos. Además, la falta de una buena calidad de sueño debido al trabajo puede influir negativamente en la calidad de vida fuera del trabajo. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de la calidad del sueño en la calidad de vida en el trabajo de policías militares. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional transversal, realizado en el primer semestre de 2019, con policías de tres municipios de Bahía, Brasil. Se utilizaron tres instrumentos: características sociodemográficas y laborales, calidad de vida en el trabajo y calidad de sueño. Se aplicó la prueba chi cuadrado para las variables sociodemográficas y ocupacionales. Posteriormente, se aplicó la prueba de correlación de Spearman entre la calidad del sueño y las dimensiones de calidad de vida en el trabajo. Resultados: La muestra fue de 298 policías, la mediana de edad fue de 40 años y la antigüedad en el servicio fue ≤ 7 años. También, se observó quienes tuvieron peor calidad de sueño, también tuvieron una calidad de vida en el trabajo insatisfactoria en todos sus dimensiones (biológica/fisiológica; psicológica/conductual; sociológica/relacional; económica/política, ambiental/organizacional). Conclusión: Quienes son agentes de policía sufren de mala calidad de sueño y, en consecuencia, se influye negativamente su calidad de vida en el trabajo. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de desarrollar acciones en el lugar de trabajo que pueda reducir los riesgos de problemas de salud causados por la calidad del sueño.

Abstract Background: Police training is considered high risk and demands physical and mental vigor from the worker before preforming the service. Therefore, sleep quality is important as it directly impacts the health of these workers in several aspects. Furthermore, the lack of sleep quality due to work can negatively influence the quality of life outside of work. Aim: To analyze the influence of sleep quality on the quality of life and work of military police officers. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational study, conducted in the first half of 2019 with police officers from three municipalities in Bahia, Brazil. Three instruments were used: sociodemographic and work characteristics; quality of life at work; and sleep quality. The chi-square test was applied for sociodemographic and occupational variations. Subsequently, the Spearman correlation test was applied between sleep quality and the quality of life and work dimensions. Results: Among the 298 police officers the median age was 40 years and the length of service was ≤ 7 years. It was also observed that police officers with poorer sleep quality had an unsatisfactory quality of life at work in all its dimensions (biological/physiological; psychological/behavioral; sociological/relational; economic/political, environmental/organizational). Conclusion: Police officers suffer from poor sleep quality and this negatively influence their quality of life and work. Therefore, there is a need to develop actions in the workplace that may reduce the risks of health problems caused by poor sleep quality.

The Impact of Long COVID on Cognitive Performance and Sleep Quality: An Analysis of the Rancagua Chilean Study (RACHIS).

Background Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to prolonged symptoms post-recovery, commonly known as long-term coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or "long COVID." Neuropsychiatric consequences of long COVID include cognitive dysfunction and sleep disturbances, which significantly impair daily living. This study aimed to explore the impact of long COVID on cognitive performance and sleep quality in patients receiving outpatient care. Material and methods This study involved a random sample of 138 of 363 patients, corresponding to 38% of the cohort, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) between May 2020 and April 2021. These unvaccinated, non-hospitalized individuals, predominantly exhibiting mild disease symptoms, were prospectively assessed 11 months post-positive PCR test. After informed consent, demographic data, memory, and concentration impairment levels were collected through interviews. Participants reporting cognitive symptoms underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Statistical analyses were conducted, including Student's t-test, Chi-square, Fisher's test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson correlation coefficient, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05. Results Of the 138 participants, 76 (55.1%) were female and 62 (44.9%) were male. The mean age was 45.9 years (± 13.0), with an average educational attainment of 10.4 years (± 3.7). Roughly 50% of the patients reported significant memory and concentration issues (p<0.001). Thirty-three participants underwent detailed cognitive assessments, revealing a 2:1 female-to-male ratio and a significantly higher prevalence of depression in female participants. Cognitive deficits were diagnosed in five (15.2%) participants via the MMSE and in 26 (78.8%) via the MOCA test, with notable deficits in visuospatial/executive functions, language repeat, and deferred recall (p<0.001). A lower educational level was correlated with higher cognitive deficits (p=0.03). Conclusion The study findings reveal that cognitive impairments, as a consequence of COVID-19, can persist up to 11 months post-infection. The MOCA test proved more effective in diagnosing these deficits and requires adjustments based on educational background. Sleep parameters remained largely unaffected in this cohort, likely attributed to the mild nature of the initial symptoms and the outpatient management of the disease.

Athletic retirement: factors contributing to sleep and mental health problems.

Introduction: The aim of this investigation was to determine which factors were associated with symptoms of sleep and mental health disorders in former athletes. Methods: Former athletes (N = 173, 50% women) who retired from any competition level within the last 20 years participated in an online survey. The survey consisted of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), Personal Wellbeing Index-Adult (PWI-A), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R), and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). Results: Binary logistic regressions revealed that both age (OR = 0.95 [95% CI:0.92, 0.99], p = 0.007) and gender (OR = 2.28 [95% CI:1.09, 4.79], p = 0.029) were associated with anxiety, with women and younger ex-athletes presenting greater risk of anxiety symptoms. Higher body mass was associated with an increased risk for sleep difficulty (OR = 1.13 [95% CI:1.03, 1.23], p = 0.008), sleep disordered breathing (OR = 1.20 [95% CI:1.10, 1.30], p < 0.001), and compromised wellbeing (OR = 0.89 [95% CI:0.83, 0.96], p = 0.001). Athletes who subjectively placed a lower priority on sport while competing presented greater risk of sleep disordered breathing (OR = 2.00[95% CI:1.05, 3.80], p = 0.035). No associations between recency retirement and any outcome measures were observed. Discussion: Findings suggest potential predictive factors for difficulty transitioning out of sport. Future longitudinal research should consider the interplay between sport re-engagement and the incidence and chronicity of sleep and mental health disorders.

Sleep quality and associated factors among university students in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

Background: Poor sleep quality significantly impacts academic performance in university students. However, inconsistent and inconclusive results were found in a study on sleep among university students in several African nations. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of poor sleep quality among university students in Africa. Methods: The databases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, African Journal Online, and Google Scholar were searched to identify articles. A total of 35 primary articles from 11 African countries were assessed and included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Data were extracted by using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. The I2 test was used to assess the statistical heterogeneity. A random effect meta-analysis model was employed with 95% confidence intervals. Funnel plots analysis and Egger regression tests were used to check the presence of publication bias. A subgroup analysis and a sensitivity analysis were done. Results: A total of 16,275 study participants from 35 studies were included in this meta-analysis and systematic review. The overall pooled prevalence of poor sleep quality among university students in Africa was 63.31% (95% CI: 56.91-65.71) I2 = 97.2. The subgroup analysis shows that the combined prevalence of poor sleep quality in East, North, West, and South Africa were 61.31 (95% CI: 56.91-65.71), 62.23 (95% CI: 54.07-70.39), 54.43 (95% CI: 47.39-61.48), and 69.59 (95% CI: 50.39-88.80) respectively. Being stressed (AOR= 2.39; 95% CI: 1.63 to 3.51), second academic year (AOR= 3.10; 95% CI: 2.30 to 4.19), use of the electronic device at bedtime (AOR= 3.97 95% CI: 2.38 to 6.61)) and having a comorbid chronic illness (AOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.08, 6.82) were factors significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a high prevalence of poor sleep quality among university students in Africa. Being stressed, in the second year, using electronic devices at bedtime, and having chronic illness were factors associated with poor sleep quality. Therefore, addressing contributing factors and implementing routine screenings are essential to reduce the burden of poor sleep quality. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023493140.

Investigative fatigue: how sleep-circadian factors shape criminal investigations.

Investigating criminal complaints and identifying culprits to be prosecuted in the court of law is an essential process for law-enforcement and public safety. However, law-enforcement investigators operate under very challenging conditions due to stressful environments, understaffing, and public scrutiny, which factors into investigative errors (e.g. uncleared cases). This paper argues that one contributing factor to investigative failures involves sleep and circadian disruption of investigators themselves, known to be prevalent among law-enforcement. By focusing on investigative interviewing, this analysis illustrates how sleep and circadian disruption could impact investigations by considering three broad phases of (1) preparation, (2) information elicitation, and (3) assessment and corroboration. These phases are organized in a framework that outlines theory-informed pathways in need of empirical attention, with special focus on effort and decision-making processes critical to investigations. While existing evidence is limited, preliminary findings support some elements of investigative fatigue. The paper concludes by placing investigative fatigue in a broader context of investigative work while providing recommendations for future research throughout. This paper is part of the Sleep and Circadian Health in the Justice System Collection.

Longitudinal study of childhood sleep trajectories and adolescent mental health problems.

Study Objective: To investigate whether childhood sleep trajectories are associated with mental health symptoms such as social phobia, generalized anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct problems, and opposition at age 15. Methods: A total of 2120 children took part in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Childhood sleep trajectories were computed from maternal reports at 2.5, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, and/or 12 years. At age 15, 1446 adolescents filled out mental health and sleep questions. A path analysis model was assessed in the full sample. Results: Four childhood nocturnal sleep duration trajectories were identified: (1) a short pattern (7.5%), (2) a short-increasing pattern (5.8%), (3) a 10 hours pattern (50.7%), and (4) an 11 hours pattern (36.0%). Three childhood sleep latency trajectories were found: (1) a short pattern (31.7%), (2) an intermediate pattern (59.9%), and (3) a long pattern (8.4%). Finally, two childhood wakefulness after sleep-onset trajectories were found: (1) a normative pattern (73.0%) and (2) a long pattern (27.0%). The path analysis model indicated that children following a long childhood sleep latency trajectory were more likely to experience symptoms of depression (ß = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.12), ADHD (ß = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.13), conduct problems (ß = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.10) and opposition (ß = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.13) at age 15. Conclusions: This longitudinal study revealed that children presenting a long sleep latency throughout childhood are at greater risk of symptoms of depression, ADHD, conduct problems, and opposition in adolescence.

Relationship Between Insomnia and Continued Outpatient Treatment in Psychiatric Patients.

Purpose: Sleep plays an essential role in maintaining both physical and mental well-being. Many patients in psychiatric outpatient settings complain of insomnia. However, the causal relationship between insomnia and depressive symptoms in all mental illnesses remains unclear. Moreover, research on insomnia and the continuation of outpatient treatment is lacking. We hypothesize a high correlation between depression and insomnia among patients with diverse mental illnesses. Additionally, we posit that insomnia significantly influences the continuity of outpatient visits. To this end, we evaluated insomnia and depression symptoms in psychiatric patients both at their initial visit and one year later. We also examined factors related to insomnia at the outset and factors associated with the ongoing utilization of outpatient treatment. Patients and Methods: The participants of the study consisted of patients who made their first visit to the outpatient department of psychiatry and neurology at Showa University East Hospital between June 1, 2021, and March 31, 2023, and who continued attending the outpatient clinic for one year. Clinical characteristics were assessed using the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Results: The study's findings were collected from a cohort of 1106 patients and revealed that more than 70% experienced insomnia at the time of their initial visit. In total 137 patients continued to receive outpatient treatment for one year, and their AIS scores improved from 9 points to 5 points. A multivariate analysis revealed that the SDS items of depressed mood and insomnia were confounding factors influencing AIS improvement. Conclusion: Given that 70% of patients complained of insomnia at the time of their first visit and that sleep improved in many of the 12.4% of patients who continued to receive outpatient treatment for at least one year, the results suggest that sleep status is an important determinant of whether a patient continues to attend outpatient clinics.

MRI brain structural and functional networks changes in Parkinson disease with REM sleep behavior disorders.

Background: Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is common in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). In spite of that, the precise mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of RBD among PD remains unclear. Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze gray matter volumes (GMVs) as well as the changes of functional connectivity (FC) among PD patients with RBD (PD-RBD) by employing a combination of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and FC methods. Methods: A total of 65 PD patients and 21 healthy control (HC) subjects were included in this study. VBM analyses were performed on all subjects. Subsequently, regions with significant different GMVs between PD patients with and without RBD (PD-nRBD) were selected for further analysis of FC. Correlations between altered GMVs and FC values with RBD scores were also investigated. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed for the evaluation of the predictive value of GMVs and FC in identifying RBD in PD. Results: PD-RBD patients exhibited lower GMVs in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and bilateral cuneus. Furthermore, we observed higher FC between the left MTG and the right postcentral gyrus (PoCG), as well as lower FC between the bilateral cuneus (CUN) and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) among PD-RBD patients in contrast with PD-nRBD patients. Moreover, the GMVs of MTG (extending to the right PoCG) was positively correlated with RBD severity [as measured by REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) score]. Conversely, the FC value between the bilateral CUN and the right MTG in PD-RBD patients was negatively correlated with RBDSQ score. Conclusion: This study revealed the presence replace with GMV and FC changes among PD-RBD patients, which were closely linked to the severity of RBD symptoms. Furthermore, the combination of basic clinical characteristics, GMVs and FC values effectively predicted RBD for individuals with PD.

Association between late bedtime and obesity in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.

Background: Short sleep duration has been related to obesity in children and adolescents. However, it remains unknown whether late bedtime is also associated with obesity and whether the association is independent of sleep duration. A meta-analysis was performed to address this issue. Methods: In order to accomplish the aim of the meta-analysis, a comprehensive search was conducted on databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify observational studies. The cutoff to determine late bedtime in children in this meta-analysis was consistent with the value used among the included original studies. As for obesity, it was typically defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 95th percentile of age and sex specified reference standards or the International Obesity Task Force defined age- and gender-specific cut-off of BMI. The Cochrane Q test was employed to evaluate heterogeneity among the included studies, while the I2 statistic was estimated. Random-effects models were utilized to merge the results, considering the potential impact of heterogeneity. Results: Tweleve observational studies with 57,728 participants were included. Among them, 6,815 (11.8%) were obese. Pooled results showed that late bedtime reported by the participants or their caregivers was associated with obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-1.39, p < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis showed consistent results in studies with (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04-1.70, p = 0.02) and without adjustment of sleep duration (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.14-1.41, p < 0.001). Further subgroup analysis also showed that the association was not significantly affected by study location, design, age of the participants, or diagnostic methods for obesity (p for subgroup difference all >0.05). Conclusion: Late bedtime is associated with obesity in children and adolescents, which may be independent of sleep duration.

Alpha anteriorization and theta posteriorization during deep sleep.

Brain states (wake, sleep, general anesthesia, etc.) are profoundly associated with the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain oscillations. Previous studies showed that the EEG alpha power shifted from the occipital cortex to the frontal cortex (alpha anteriorization) after being induced into a state of general anesthesia via propofol. The sleep research literature suggests that slow waves and sleep spindles are generated locally and propagated gradually to different brain regions. Since sleep and general anesthesia are conceptualized under the same framework of consciousness, the present study examines whether alpha anteriorization similarly occurs during sleep and how the EEG power in other frequency bands changes during different sleep stages. The results from the analysis of three polysomnography datasets of 234 participants show consistent alpha anteriorization during the sleep stages N2 and N3, beta anteriorization during stage REM, and theta posteriorization during stages N2 and N3. Although it is known that the neural circuits responsible for sleep are not exactly the same for general anesthesia, the findings of alpha anteriorization in this study suggest that, at macro level, the circuits for alpha oscillations are organized in the similar cortical areas. The spatial shifts of EEG power in different frequency bands during sleep may offer meaningful neurophysiological markers for the level of consciousness.

Tetrad of Narcolepsy Type 1: Treatment and Management.

Narcolepsy is a chronic condition that brings about excessive daytime sleepiness. It can be classified into two types: narcolepsy type 1 (presence of cataplexy, which is marked by weakness of muscles) and narcolepsy type 2 (without cataplexy). It is generally underdiagnosed, which results in delayed diagnosis of the condition. It has more prevalence in the United States of America as compared to India. The narcoleptic tetrad consists of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is another characteristic feature. Research about narcolepsy has been carried out for about 145-150 years, but it is only in the last 18-20 years that there has been advancement in the underlying pathophysiology, diagnosis, and, thus, availability of better treatment. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are preferred in treating narcolepsy, yet there is no cure for it. Since the knowledge regarding this condition is very limited, it is often misunderstood, and dealing with it is mentally and socially draining, often causing anxiety in the patients, feeling of social isolation, and other significant impacts on the quality of living. Raising awareness about narcolepsy is vital to prevent further medical attention delays.

Inhalation effect of lychee-scented candles on stress and sleep quality among adults and the elderly: a pilot randomized controlled study.

[Purpose] This pilot study aims to investigate the effects of inhaling lychee-scented candles on stress and sleep quality among adults and the elderly. [Participants and Methods] Thirty participants were randomly assigned to either the control (n=15) or experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group inhaled the scent from the lychee soy wax candle prior to going to bed for four weeks (20 minutes/session, three days/week). Perceived stress was assessed using the Suanprung Stress Test-20 (SPST-20), while sleep quality was assessed using the Thai-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Thai-PSQI). All outcomes were determined at the baseline two weeks to four weeks after scent inhalation. [Results] The results indicated significant differences in sleep quality between the two groups. The experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement in sleep quality compared to the control group. Although, there was no difference between groups, the experimental group presented significant decrease in stress as time passed whereas the opposite trend was seen for the control group. [Conclusion] This preliminary study suggests that the inhalation of lychee soy wax candles over a four-week period improved sleep quality in adults and the elderly but had no effect on reducing stress.

Edward O. Bixler, PhD: from the Apollo project and chimpanzees to sleep epidemiology.

What an honor to write about Dr. Edward O. Bixler's contributions to the sleep field. In 1967, Dr. Bixler published a case report on a chimpanzee with implanted brain electrodes while working at an Air Force base in New Mexico. A few years later, in 1971, he published on the sleep effects of flurazepam in individuals with insomnia together with Dr. Anthony Kales, data that he had collected when the Sleep Research & Treatment Center (SRTC) was housed at the University of California Los Angeles. Dr. Bixler, a meticulous scientist, learned from Dr. Kales, a devoted clinician, to study "the whole patient, and all aspects of sleep," a legacy that continued when the SRTC moved to Penn State in Hershey. Indeed, Dr. Bixler's tenure at Penn State from 1971 until 2019 kept the science of the SRTC focused on that premise and helped translate scientific evidence into clinical care. He not only contributed early to the pharmacology of sleep and the effects of hypnotics, but he was also a pioneer in "sleep epidemiology." His "Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area" study of 1979 was the first rigorous epidemiological study on sleep disturbances. Starting in 1990, he established the Penn State Adult Cohort to estimate the prevalence and natural history of sleep-disordered breathing and other sleep disorders in adults. Inspired by life-course epidemiology, he established in 2001 the Penn State Child Cohort to estimate the same phenomena in children. This Living Legend paper captures and highlights Dr. Bixler's enduring legacy to sleep science.

Factors that contributed to Ontario adults' mental health during the first 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic: a decision tree analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the mental health of individuals globally. However, less is known about the characteristics that contributed to some people having mental health problems during the pandemic, while others did not. Mental health problems can be understood on a continuum, ranging from acute (e.g., depression following a stressful event) to severe (e.g., chronic conditions that disrupt everyday functioning). Therefore, the purpose of this article was to generate profiles of adults who were more or less at risk for the development of mental health problems, in general, during the first 16-months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. Data were collected via online surveys at two time points: April-July 2020 and July-August 2021; 2,188 adults (Mage = 43.15 years; SD = 8.82) participated. Surveys included a demographic questionnaire and four previously validated tools to measure participants' mental health, subjective wellbeing, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, and sleep. A decision tree was generated at each time point for those with mental health problems, and those with no mental health problems. Results showed that subjective wellbeing was the biggest contributor to mental health status. Characteristics associated with no mental health problems among adults included having good wellbeing, being a good sleeper (quantity, quality, and patterns of sleep), and being over the age of 42. Characteristics associated with mental health problems included having poor wellbeing and being a poor sleeper. Findings revealed that specific characteristics interacted to contribute to adults' mental health status during the first 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that wellbeing was the biggest contributor to mental health, researchers should focus on targeting adults' wellbeing to improve their mental health during future health crises.

[Analysis of inducement of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

Objective:To analyze the related factors that may affect the onset of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo（BPPV）. Methods:Fifty BPPV patients treated in Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital from May to September 2023 were selected as the case group, and 50 healthy adults were selected as the control group. Relevant information was collected by means of questionnaire survey and medical history inquiry. The two groups were compared in terms of sleep time, night sleep duration, wake times, underlying diseases（hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, etc.） and negative emotional impact. Results:The proportion of male and female in the case group was 16% and 84%, and that in the control group was 20% and 80%. The mean age of the case group was（54.66±13.39） years old, and the mean age of the control group was（54.42±12.55） years old, ranging from 27 to 80 years old. The sleeping time of the case group was significantly later than that of the healthy group, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The night sleep duration of the case group was shorter than that of the healthy group, the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in awakening times between the case group and the healthy group（P>0.05）. There were more patients in the case group with underlying diseases（54%） and affected by negative emotions（70%） than in the healthy group, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. Conclusion:Late sleep time, short sleep duration at night, accompanied by underlying diseases and negative emotions can affect the onset of BPPV.

Associations of meal timing and sleep duration with incidence of obesity: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Late mealtime and short sleep are known to be associated with obesity risk due to a misaligned circadian rhythm. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity and mealtime and sleep duration using the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) data. DESIGN: Longitudinally prospective cohort study. SETTING: Population-based. PARTICIPANTS: KoGES analysed data from 9,474 Korean adults with an average age of 54- years old at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Meal timing was defined as the eating occasions of the day reported by the participant eating a 24-h dietary recall method. Sleep duration was categorized as <6, 6-7, 7-8, and ≥8 h. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident obesity according to meal timing, sleep duration, and nightly fasting duration. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, 826 participants developed obesity. In the multivariable-adjusted analysis, midnight snack eating (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.41) and higher energy intake from midnight snacks (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.49) were associated with a higher risk of obesity. Sleeping 8 h or more (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53-0.85) was associated with a lower risk of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of meal and sleep times and suggest that healthy eating habits related to the time of day.

Sex differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and metabolism: Implications for precision medicine.

The number of individuals experiencing sleep loss has exponentially risen over the past decades. Extrapolation of laboratory findings to the real world suggests that females are more affected by extended wakefulness and circadian misalignment than males are. Therefore, long-term effects such as sleep and metabolic disorders are likely to be more prevalent in females than in males. Despite emerging evidence for sex differences in key aspects of sleep-wake and circadian regulation, much remains unknown, as females are often underrepresented in sleep and circadian research. This narrative review aims at highlighting 1) how sex differences systematically impinge on the sleep-wake and circadian regulation in humans, 2) how sex differences in sleep and circadian factors modulate metabolic control, and 3) the relevance of these differences for precision medicine. Ultimately, the findings justify factoring in sex differences when optimizing individually targeted sleep and circadian interventions in humans.

How BDNF affects working memory in acute sleep deprivation: The mediating role of spontaneous brain activity.

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates the plasticity associated with memory processing, and compensatorily increases after acute sleep deprivation (SD). However, whether the altered spontaneous brain activity mediates the association between BDNF and working memory in SD remains unknown. Here, we aimed to probe the mediating role of the spontaneous brain activity between plasma BDNF and WM function in SD. A total of 30 healthy subjects with regular sleep were enrolled in this study. Resting-sate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans and the peripheral blood were collected before and after 24 h SD. All participants also received n-back task assessing working memory (WM) performance. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) were calculated to reflect the intensity of regional spontaneous brain activity. Plasma BDNF was measured by sandwich ELISA. Our results revealed a significant decline in WM and increase in plasma BDNF level after SD, and negative association between the changed WM performance and plasma BDNF level. Specially, the ALFF of the left inferior parietal cortex and right inferior frontal cortex, and fALFF of the left anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex and left posterior opercular cortex regulated the association between the BDNF and one-back reaction time respectively. Our results suggest that the association between BDNF and working memory may be mediated through regional spontaneous brain activity involving in the cerebral cortex, which may provide new sight into the interaction between neurotrophic factors and cognition, and potential targets for noninvasive brain stimulation on WM decline after acute SD.

The effects of big five personality traits on sub-health in a Chinese young adults: A moderated mediation model.

BACKGROUND: Sub-health can have an impact on the physical condition of the youth adults, and this study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of sub-health related to the Big Five personality in the Chinese youth adults. METHODS: A multi-stage random sampling method was used to survey young adults. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted to investigate how overall sleep quality and family health influenced the relationship between youth with different personalities and sub-health. RESULTS: A total of 6165 young adults were included in this study. The results of the mediation analyses indicated that sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between neurotic, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness of young adults and sub-health. Family health played a moderating role in the sleep quality of agreeableness young adults. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional study limits conclusions about causal relationships between factors. CONCLUSION: Family health and sleep quality can influence sub-health in the Chinese youth adults with different personality traits.

Evaluation of the association between excessive screen use, sleep patterns and behavioral and cognitive aspects in preschool population. A systematic review.

In this review, we analyzed the possible relationship between the excessive use of screens and sleep patterns, and how this may affect certain behavioral and cognitive factors in preschool children. The selection, extraction and synthesis of the data were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out in the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), PsycINFO (American Psychological Association), Scopus and Web of Science (WOS). Of the 597 articles initially identified, 13 met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias of the articles selected was evaluated using a specific scale created for this purpose. The results found indicate that excessive use of screens is associated with a negative impact on the duration and quality of sleep-in preschoolers, and this worsening of sleep in infancy is related with a greater probability of the appearance of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems and certain cognitive problems. The results also suggest that sleep could play a mediating or moderating role as a bioregulatory system that attenuates or increases the onset of behavioral and cognitive difficulties in those children most exposed to digital devices.